Paper in Science says loss of species is 1000 times greater than the natural extinction rate

Roger Harris — Thu, 29 May 2014 14:05:36 +0000

The dodo is perhaps the most famous victim of human-caused extinction. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia.)

Are we in the middle of a mass extinction, like that of the dinosaurs? By all accounts, yes. In a highly significant paper shortly to be published in the journal Science, a team of conservation scientists has revised current rates of species loss upwards. According to the analysis, species are being lost at least a thousand times faster than the background rate.

Estimating the current rate of extinction

Part of the problem is that biodiversity, and therefore the current rate of extinction, is so poorly understood. Estimates of the total number of species range from 5±3 million to 11 million animal species worldwide. Given this uncertainty, the authors grapple with quantifying the natural, or background, rate of extinction. This number gives a baseline against which to evaluate the increased rate of extinction due to human activities. Using a metric of extinctions per million species-years (E/MSY), data from various sources indicate that present extinction rates are at least ~100 E/MSY, or a thousand times higher than the background rate of 0.1 E/MSY, estimated from fossil evidence.

Using technology to prioritize conservation

The good news is that scientists know more than ever before about areas where at-risk species are located, and that new technologies are helping scientists to discover new species and monitor populations, and therefore focus conservation actions more efficiently.

Combining data from bird species with small ranges and significant threats shows scientists where to prioritize conservation efforts. (Click for full size image. Courtesy of Dr. Clinton Jenkins, www.biodiversitymapping.org)

The team used a variety of tools, including GIS data, to create high resolution biodiversity maps for vertebrate species. These identify the hottest of biodiversity hotspots, and should help conservation scientists to prioritize areas for protection and restoration. By combining range data with conservation status, the scientists show distinctive areas for conservation. In the case of birds, for example, the Atlantic coastal rainforest of Brazil, the northern Andes, west Africa and the Philippines are regions with the highest densities of threatened species within small geographic areas. These data suggest that conservation organizations should consider highly targeted protection and restoration measures, rather than focusing on the conventional conservation approach of fencing off large areas.

The Science article will appear online Thursday May 29, with an official publication date of Friday, May 30.

CITATION: “The Biodiversity of Species and Their Rates of Extinction, Distribution, and Protection,” by Stuart L. Pimm, Clinton N. Jenkins, Robin Abell, Tom M. Brooks, John. L. Gittleman, Lucas N. Joppa, Peter. H. Raven, Callum. M. Roberts, and Joe O. Sexton. Published May 30, 2014, in Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.1246752

References
Explanation of extinctions per million species-years
Where the threatened wild things are (New Scientist maps)

Update
June 20, 2014 — A link to a free PDF of the original Science paper is available on Clinton Jenkins’ website. Click here for the PDF.

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